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• Influenza Viruses (H1N1, H5N1, Seasonal) symptoms, care and prevention

  H1N1 influenza (also known by the name - Swine flu) is a respiratory disease which primarily infects pigs (pork can be consumed safely). This flu is caused by the Influenza A Virus. H1N1 flu can infect and be passed among humans.

  Influenza A (H5N1) virus – also called “H5N1 virus” – is an influenza A virus subtype that occurs mainly in birds, is highly contagious among birds, and can be deadly to them. H5N1 virus does not usually infect people, but infections with these viruses have occurred in humans. Most of these cases have resulted from people having direct or close contact with H5N1-infected poultry or H5N1-contaminated surfaces.

  Seasonal influenza - There are two main types of influenza (flu) virus: Types A and B. Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics each year. Influenza A viruses can be broken down into sub-types. Over the course of a flu season, different types (A & B) and subtypes of influenza A viruses can circulate and cause illness. In addition, influenza viruses are constantly changing through a process called "antigenic drift."

  There is no need for panic, BUT, it is important to know what the symptoms are and important to practice preventive measures that help prevent the spread of not only influenza but many other viral and bacterial infections. Call Murray State Health Services (270-809-3809) or your private health care provide if you have any questions or concerns.

  Updates as to what is happening in higher education, Kentucky, the nation, and the world can be found at the following web sites:

  • This map link reflects the presence of the H1N1 Influenza virus on higher education, college and university campuses only. This map is created with information shared with the Disaster Resilient Universities list serve (DRU) operated by the International Association of Emergency Managers - Universities and Colleges Committee (IAEM-UCC).
    
    Please visit http://tinyurl.com/HigherEdH1N1Map to view the map.

  • Flu.gov has information from the Centers for Disease Control.  

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  Signs and symptoms of flu:

  • Sudden onset of illness
  • Fever, higher than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or, 38 degrees Celsius
  • Chills
  • Cough
  • Headache
  • Sore throat
  • Stuffy nose
  • Muscle aches and weakness
  • May have gastrointestinal symptoms, such as:
    • Diarrhea
    • Vomiting
    • Abdominal pain

  Most cases of influenza are relatively mild. If you develop symptoms and/or have been exposed to someone with flu, talk with a health care provider by phone to determine whether clinical evaluation and treatment is needed.

  If you experience difficulty breathing, pain in chest or abdomen, sudden dizziness, confusion or persistent vomiting, seek emergency medical care at your local hospital!

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  Treatment and Self Care Measures

  • Contact Health Services or your private health care provider by phone to determine if you should be evaluated in person and what, if any, medications other than over-the-counter you should take
  • STAY AT HOME if you have a fever of greater than or equal to 100.4 degrees F. or 38 degrees C. This will lessen the transmission to others and help prevent additional infection to you.
    • Isolate yourself in your home (dorm room) and have someone check on you by phone and bring you food and drink
  • Rest in bed and avoid physical exertion
  • Avoid using tobacco
  • Dietary Guidelines:
    • Light and healthy foods are helpful. You may not have an appetite, but it is important to provide the body with energy and nutrients to support the healing process. Hot soups with aromatic herbs like sage and thyme are soothing. Avoid too much dairy as it can increase mucus production and congestion. Sugar and sweets can impair the ability of the white blood cells to fight the virus. Drinks such as Gatorade will provide the body with electrolytes that may be lost during sweating/fever.
    • If nauseated and/or vomiting, do not ingest anything other than ice chips until vomiting has stopped. Gradually add clear liquids such as water, freezer pops, ginger ale, sprite, Gatorade, or clear-base broth soups.
    • Avoid caffeinated beverages, energy drinks and alcohol.
  • Cough and sneeze into a soft tissue or handkerchief. Carefully dispose of soft tissues after using them AND wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with soap and warm water.
  • Treat fever and aches with over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve). Aspirin is not recommended because it is associated with a condition known as Reye syndrome. All over-the-counter medications should be used only as directed by the manufacturer or your health care provider.
  • Steam inhalations may be useful in opening up a blocked nose and thus make breathing easier.
    • To create steam, boil water on the stove, remove the pot from the stove, then sit with a towel over your head and inhale the steam. The water should be hot, not boiling under your face. Use caution if you have asthma. You may enhance the decongestant effect of the steam by adding a half teaspoon of Vicks VapoRub, 1-2 drops of eucalyptus oil, or a few slices of ginger to the boiling water.
    • Another simple method is steaming up the bathroom by letting the shower run with hot water only. Inhaling the moisture in a steamy room can serve a similar purpose. Be careful, however, not to sit directly under the shower in order to avoid getting burned.

  If symptoms do not gradually resolve, or if symptoms become severe, contact your health care provider immediately.

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  Prevention:

  • Avoid close contact with people who are sick. If you are sick, keep your distance from others.
  • STAY AT HOME if you have a fever of greater than or equal to 100.4 degrees F. or 38 degrees C. This will lessen the transmission to others and help prevent additional infection to you.
  • DO NOT travel if you have been exposed to someone with the flu OR if you have symptoms of the flu.
  • Cough into your shoulder or elbow to avoid contaminating your hands. You may also use a tissue, but make sure to dispose of the tissue and then immediately wash your hands with soap and warm water.
  • Wash your hands often with warm water and soap. Use alcohol based hand sanitizer.
  • Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth
  • Don't eat or drink after others
  • Practice other good health habits.
    • Get plenty of sleep
    • Manage your stress
    • Drink plenty of fluids
    • Eat nutritious foods
    • Avoid the use of alcohol and tobacco as these substances decrease your ability to fight off infection

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  Be Prepared - Make a Self-Care Kit!

  In the case of any type of illness, including all types of Influenza, it is best to be prepared.  We recommend that you develop a kit for yourself that will include the following items:

  1. Acetaminophen (brand name Tylenol) and/or Ibuprofen (brand name Advil) - to help relieve aches and fever
  2. Plain cough syrup that has only the ingredient guaifenesin (brand name Robitussin) - to act as an expectorant
  3. Throat lozenges or hard candy to keep the throat moist and reduce discomfort
  4. BIG box of Kleenex
  5. Paper towels
  6. Hand sanitizer
  7. Gatorade - several liters
  8. Thermometer
  9. A plastic box with lid to keep everything in

  We also suggest that you write down and keep with your kit the following information:

  1. Names of all the medicines that you are taking - both over-the-counter and prescription and what you are taking them for
  2. Any allergies you may have - especially medicines that you are allergic to
  3. Any medical conditions that you have

  This information is helpful if you need to call Health Services or other health care providers.  It is easier to have it on hand than trying to remember it when you don't feel well.

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  Handwashing Tips

  Handwashing is one of the best ways to prevent the spread of influenza and other common infections. Follow these steps:

  • Use warm water and plenty of soap. Work up a good lather.
  • Clean the whole hand, under your nails, between your fingers and up the wrists.
  • Wash for at least 20 seconds. Don't just wipe -- scrub well.
  • Rinse, letting the water run down your fingers, not up your wrists.
  • Dry your hands well. Use a paper towel to turn off the faucet and open the door.

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  Using Alcohol-Based Hand Gels

  Alcohol-based hand gels are also a good choice for cleaning your hands. Use them when you don't have access to soap and water, or your hands aren't visibly dirty. Follow these steps:

  • Squeeze about a tablespoon of gel into the palm of one hand.
  • Rub your hands together briskly, cleaning the backs of your hands, the palms, between your fingers and up the wrists.
  • Rub until the gel is gone and your hands are completely dry.

  
  

• Cholesterol screening

  The Murray Calloway County Hospital's HEALTH EXPRESS offers blood pressure checks, pulse, cholesterol and triglyceride screenings at its stops during the certain months of the year. You may find the dates, times and places in the Murray Ledger and Times as they come available.

  The staff will do free blood pressure and pulse checks. You may also choose to receive blood testing for HDL/LDL cholesterol and triglyceride screening to detect disease in early stages when there are no symptoms. If you are experiencing symptoms, you should see your physician.

  For the test to be accurate, you must be fasting. Fasting means nothing to eat or drink (other than water) for at least 14 hours. An individual may have this service FREE of charge once every 5 years. More frequent testing requires a doctor's written prescription and costs $15.00.

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  What Is Cholesterol and Why Should It Concern me???

  Cholesterol is a soft, fat-like substance found in all parts of the body, including the blood stream. Your body makes its own cholesterol. In addition, the saturated fat and cholesterol from the foods you eat can raise your blood cholesterol level. Too much cholesterol can clog the blood vessels and lead to strokes and heart attacks.

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  What Should My Cholesterol Level Be?

  For those 20 years and older, cholesterol should be kept below 200 mg/dl. 200 mg/dl to 239 mg/dl is considered borderline high. 240 mg/dl and above is considered a high cholesterol reading. According to the brochure "COMBAT HIGH CHOLESTEROL," most heart attacks occur in people with cholesterol levels between 210 and 265. The higher the cholesterol, the higher the risk.

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  Cholesterol - "Good" and "Bad"

  For many people, the whole issue of cholesterol can be confusing. We have been told that too much cholesterol clogs arteries and is generally bad for the heart. But we are also told that there's good cholesterol and bad cholesterol. So which is which?

  The first thing to know is that cholesterol is essential for life. That's right. The body needs cholesterol to make the cell membranes, certain hormones and to ensure proper functioning of the nervous system. But all the cholesterol a person needs is produced by the liver.

  Cholesterol tests measure the amounts and ratios of two types of cholesterol: low-density lipoproteins, or LDL, and high-density lipoproteins, or HDL.

  Studies have shown that people with a relatively high amount of LDL cholesterol in their blood are more likely to develop heart disease. It also appears that the greater the proportion of HDL, the lower the risk for heart disease. It appears that exercise can increase the amount of HDL in the blood.

  Health care providers encourage people to limit their intake of fatty foods and eat more low-fat foods such as whole grains, vegetables, fruits, pastas, dried peas, beans and lentils. People who get the majority of their calories from low-fat foods have a lower risk of developing heart disease, and possibly some cancers. And they are less likely to be overweight.

  If you haven't had your cholesterol tested recently, consider doing so. To learn more about cholesterol and how it affects your health, talk to your health care provider.

• Triglycerides

  There are four tests usually given to help discover a patient's susceptibility to arterial disease and heart attack. These standard cholesterol tests measure blood fats or lipids and include the following:

  • Total Cholesterol
  • HDL or "good" cholesterol
  • LDL or "bad" cholesterol
  • and, triglycerides

  Elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and depressed HDL cholesterol are known to clog arteries, while high levels of HDL cholesterol are believed to reduce risk of heart attack.

  Regular aerobic exercise three days a week, even as little as 30 minutes each time, can raise HDL cholesterol, the desirable kind.

  High triglyceride levels in the blood may indicate certain hereditary or dietary abnormalities in the body's metabolism that may lead to atherosclerosis (fat clogged arteries).

  Eating too much food can cause the body to convert the food to fat and store it in the form of triglycerides. In fact, triglycerides are the body's primary form of stored fat. They provide calories or energy to the body, but very high levels of triglycerides can lead to an inflammation of the pancreas. A triglyceride reading of less than 250, even less than 200 according to some Health care providers, is desirable. Alcohol, diabetes, hypothyroidism or liver or kidney disease also tend to increase triglyceride levels.

  To learn more about the significance of blood fat or lipid levels or to assess your personal risk factors for heart disease, see your health care provider.

• Fruits and veggies... eat your way to good health

  You have probably heard the phrase: "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." That is certainly the right train of thought. However, it actually takes more than one fruit or vegetable a day to keep the doctor away. The National Institute of Health (NIH) recommends Americans should eat a balanced diet that includes five fruits and vegetables daily to safeguard health.

  Unfortunately, a recent poll by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) indicates only 23 percent of American adults actually eat five servings daily of fruits and vegetables. The American Dietetic Association's food pyramid shows daily requirements to be at least three servings of vegetables a day and two servings of fruit a day.

  You not only feel better when eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, but you are also building a shield against sickness and disease. Fruits are high in vitamin C and according to NCI studies they "markedly, consistently and significantly reduce signs and symptoms of colds." The vitamins, minerals and other substances in most fresh produce have been shown in studies to help protect against colon cancer.

  The NCI says 35 percent of all cancer deaths may be related to what we eat -- a diet high in fat and low in fiber. Fruits and vegetables help reduce your risk of cancer because they are low in fat and are rich sources of fiber, vitamins C and E, folic acid and beta-carotene (which the body converts to vitamin A). Researchers at NCI conclude that people with high fruit and vegetable intake have about one-half the risk of developing cancer as people with low intake. They further note that vitamins C and E and beta carotene (antioxidant nutrients) actually fight free-radicals, cancer-promoting molecules.

  The value of getting five-a-day of fruits and vegetables in your diet is also supported by other research at Harvard Medical School and the University of Alabama-Birmingham that finds:

  • Broccoli, cabbage, brussels sprouts and similar vegetables contain a substance which protects against stomach, colon and breast cancers.
  • Women with high blood levels of folic acid from fruits and vegetables had significantly lower rates of a precancerous condition of the cervix.
  • Two studies indicate fruits and vegetables protect both men and women against stroke.

  If you're thinking the five-a-day rule seems impossible to accomplish, remember these points:

  • It's as simple as counting to five. There is no need to read labels or count grams. There are many choices to fit your personal tastes, and you can have your produce fresh, frozen, dried or canned.
  • It's not as much as it sounds. The NIH notes that a serving in the veggie group is equal to any of these:
    • one cup of raw, leafy vegetables;
    • 1/2 cup of other vegetables cooked or chopped raw;
    • 1 cup of vegetable juice; or,
    • 1/2 cup cooked beans or peas (lentils, pinto beans, black beans, black-eyed peas).
  • A serving in the fruit group is equal to:
    • one medium apple, banana or orange;
    • 1/2 cup of chopped, cooked or canned fruit;
    • 1 cup (about 6 ounces) of 100 percent fruit juice; or,
    • 1/4 cup of dried fruit.

  It's easier than you think! Snack on a piece of fresh fruit or a small box of raisins instead of cookies, candy or potato chips. Put an apple in your briefcase or keep some dried fruit at your work desk. Add lettuce, tomatoes, sprouts and thinly sliced cucumber to your sandwich. Keep a fruit bowl on the kitchen counter.

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  Just try some of the following suggestions and find out how simple it is to do five-a-day!

  MORNING

  • Drink a glass of 100 percent fruit juice.
  • Add sliced bananas or strawberries to your cereal.
  • Top your waffles or pancakes with fruit rather than syrup.
  • Have a bowl of fruit such as melon or peaches.

  LUNCH

  • Add zucchini, carrot or celery sticks to your lunch.
  • Have a low-fat salad or some soup that has vegetables.
  • Nibble on some raisins or grapes.
  • Make a quick, nutritious shake by blending fresh fruit with low or nonfat yogurt and skim milk.

  SNACK

  • A bowl of sliced strawberries, bananas or blueberries, topped with low fat lemon yogurt.
  • Take one minute to make a fruit salad. All you need is a small can of mandarin oranges, one sliced banana, one cut-up apple and a few frozen blueberries.
  • Choose a glass of fruit or vegetable juice.

  DINNER

  • Add raw vegetables, fruit or spinach leaves to your green salad.
  • Steam or microwave your vegetables to cut down on cooking time.
  • Use fruits as a garnish on main dishes or as a side dish with the entree.
  • Steam broccoli spears for five minutes and sprinkle with lemon juice.
  • Stir fry thin slices of okra, zucchini, yellow squash and mushrooms in one teaspoon of canola oil.
  • Take one minute to make a vegetable salad with some veggies from last night's dinner (corn, peas, green beans). Place in a bowl; add a diced tomato, grated carrot, diced green onion; pour some low or nonfat Italian salad dressing over and toss lightly.

  Reprinted with permission Murray-Calloway County Hospital. Vitality Magazine , Summer 1997, pp. 11-12.

• Hepatitis B

  Hepatitis B is a serious bloodborne infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B is one of several types of hepatitis, including hepatitis A and hepatitis C, that cause inflammation or injury of the liver.

  "Worldwide, hepatitis B is a significant public health problem. In Southeast Asia , China , and Africa , more than half the population becomes infected with the virus at some time during their lives, and about 8 percent are chronic carriers. In these areas, transmission from mother to child and among young children is common. In North America and Western Europe , where the disease is less common, it is usually transmitted from one adult to another. The World Health Organization estimates that 400 million people are now infected, and that the number of new infections, will keep increasing until vaccination of infants is a universally established practice." (Hepatitis A to G, Berkman and Bakalar, 2000.)

  There are two forms of hepatitis B, acute and chronic. Symptoms of acute hepatitis B are unpleasant, but if you recover you are likely to be immune from then on. Unfortunately, sometimes the acute disease progresses to the chronic form.

  Symptoms of acute hepatitis B come on gradually, initially resembling the flu, including loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, fever, muscle and joint pain, and weakness. There may also be symptoms that are more directly related to the liver: right upper quadrant abdominal pain, dark urine, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and white of eyes).

  Most people recover completely from acute hepatitis B infection, but some develop more severe symptoms that can lead to death. In the United States , about 350 - 450 people die per year. Some people will become carriers of hepatitis B for the rest of their lives with the ability to infect others. Others go on to have chronic liver disease. A carrier or someone with chronic liver disease may progress to cirrhosis or liver cancer.

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  How Does Someone Contract Hepatitis B?

  Hepatitis B is transmitted exactly the same way as HIV is transmitted and is much more contagious than HIV.

  • From mother to unborn child

  • From blood - exposure to an infected person's blood, through cuts, open sores
    • Rarely, by receiving infected blood products
    • Sharing of personal items from an infected person - razors, toothbrushes.
    • Sharing of needles (IV drug users - illegal steroid injections - ear piercing - tattooing)

  • From sex - Hepatitis B is found in infected semen, vaginal secretions and saliva. You can get hepatitis B from vaginal, anal or oral sex acts.
    • If your partner is infected, you may get hepatitis B from any sex act, but having intercourse without a condom makes it more likely.

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  Hepatitis Vaccine - Who Should Get It and Is It Safe

  An effective vaccine to prevent this serious infection has been available since 1981. A series of three shots given over 6 months will protect most people from getting hepatitis B, and from the related liver diseases that can develop in persons infected with this virus.

  The U.S. Public Health Service, The American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization all recommend that all children, and any adult who potentially may have exposure to hepatitis B infection, be vaccinated. The American College Health Association recommends that all college students be vaccinated for hepatitis B. For more information on when this immunization should be administered, see the current recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule and the adult schedule from the Centers for Disease Control.

  The hepatitis B vaccine is administered in three separate doses by an injection in the shoulder for adults or the thigh for infants. The second dose is given one month after the first, and the third dose six months after that. This dose schedule is used for adults and children alike, but the doses vary by age. Should you miss a dose at its regularly scheduled time, you can take the dose later without starting the series over. It is thought that even one dose of the vaccine confers some immunity.

  The cost of hepatitis B vaccine may vary widely (in some areas up to $225 for the three doses of vaccine). Some state health departments offer the vaccine; we recommend that you check with your local health department if you choose to have the vaccine. In Kentucky, hepatitis B vaccine is offered through the public health departments for a nominal fee up to age 18. After age 18, the adult hepatitis vaccine is required and the person requesting immunization must go through a private health care provider.

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  Side Effects of the Vaccine

  The vaccine is considered safe and has very few side effects of any kind. Pain at the injection site and a mild temperature elevation are most common results of the vaccine if any occur.

  People with moderate to severe illness should not be vaccinated until their conditions improve, but if you have only a cold or a minor upper respiratory infection you can still be vaccinated safely. Since the vaccine contains no virus, it can be given even to people with compromised immune systems, such as those suffering from HIV infection.

  There have been some rare cases of severe adverse reaction to the vaccine.

  Sometimes the vaccine does not produce the expected antibodies in the blood (does not provide immunity). This is rare, but when it happens, the person should be vaccinated again. An additional dose provides immunity for 15 to 20 % of non-responders, and an additional three doses produce the desired result in 30 to 50%. Certain factors are associated with failure (although the vast majority, even in these groups responds to the vaccine) to respond to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine:

  • Male
  • Over forty
  • Obese
  • Tobacco use
  • Having a chronic illness

  For more information:

  http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/child-schedule.htm (immunization schedule age 0 – 18)

  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/bfact.pdf

  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/factvax.htm

• Seven dimensions of wellness

  Social

  • The quality and quantity of interaction with others or social functioning.
  • The degree to which one respects differences of others or concern for others.
  • The degree to which one contributes to common welfare of the community.
  • The ability to see self as a member of larger society.

  Physical

  • Commitment to maintain fitness - regular exercise.
  • Choosing a variety of nutritious foods, which are balanced, and intake is moderate.
  • Engaging in self-care behaviors which help prevent & detect early illness (i.e. health risk appraisal or, sexual health - choosing abstinence or using barrier method for protection against STD or, breast or testicular self exams)
  • Commitment to function without unnecessary use of chemicals (i.e. not abusing alcohol & other drugs including tobacco)
  • Safety practices (i.e. wearing a seat belt every time in vehicle or helmet with bike riding)
  • Appropriate use of the medical system (i.e. health insurance, locating a health care provider before one is needed and using preventive services)

  Emotional

  • Degree to which you have an awareness and acceptance of your feelings
  • Degree to which you feel positive and enthusiastic about yourself and life (i.e. level of self esteem)
  • Ability to express & control emotions appropriately (i.e. honesty & empathy)

  Career/Occupational

  • Satisfaction gained from your work and the degree to which you are enriched by that work
  • Financial success & advancement (i.e. financial success is not necessary to be healthy. High level functioning in this area can be met through volunteer activities, hobbies, school & community involvement)
  • Recognition for contributions
  • Sharing of work experiences with others
  • Expanding "professional horizons"

  Intellectual Health

  • Degree of engagement of the mind in creative & stimulating mental activities, expanding knowledge and improving skills (i.e. ability to manage stress & decision making ability)
  • Adaptability & tolerance
  • Perception of others

  Environmental

  • Emphasizes interdependence with others and nature
  • Degree to which one makes life affirming choices concerning the work place, home & neighborhood (i.e. physical & chemical agents in the environment, including air, water, food, drugs, & consumer products)

  Spiritual

  • Ongoing involvement in seeking meaning and purpose in life
  • Ability to love & be loved
  • Trust, integrity & ethics
  • Basic survival instincts
  • Commitment to some higher process or higher being.

  The seven dimensions of wellness are a holistic approach with all dimensions inter-related.
  BALANCE IS THE KEY!

• American College Health Association position statement on tobacco for college and university campuses

  The American College Health Association (ACHA) acknowledges and supports the findings of the Surgeon General that tobacco use in any form, active and/or passive, is a significant health hazard. ACHA further recognizes that environmental tobacco smoke has been classified as a Class-A carcinogen. In light of these health risks, the American College Health Association has adopted a NO TOBACCO USE policy and encourages colleges and universities to be diligent in their efforts to achieve a campus-wide tobacco-free environment.

  ACHA joins with other professional health associations in promoting tobacco-free environments. According to the ACHA-National College Health Assessment conducted in spring 2004, 79% of college students describe themselves as non-smokers (never smoked or have not smoked in the last 30 days); 97% describe themselves as non-users of smokeless tobacco (never used or have not used in the last 30 days). ACHA supports the health goals of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) to reduce the proportion of adults who smoke to below 12% by the year 2010 and to positively influence America's college students to help them remain or become tobacco-free.

  Efforts to promote tobacco-free environments have led to substantial reductions in the number of people who smoke, the amount of tobacco products consumed, and the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco hazard. ACHA acknowledges that achieving a tobacco-free environment requires strong leadership and support from all members of the campus community. Because the improvements to health can be so significant, ACHA recommends the following steps be taken to address policy, prevention and cessation as it pertains to tobacco issues:

  1. Develop a strongly worded tobacco policy that reflects the best practices in tobacco prevention, cessation and control.
  2. Inform all members of the campus community by widely distributing the campus tobacco policy on an annual basis.
  3. Offer and promote prevention and education initiatives that actively support non-use and address the risks of all forms of tobacco use.
  4. Offer and promote programs and services that include practical, evidence-based approaches to end tobacco use.
  5. Prohibit the campus-controlled advertising, sale, or free sampling of tobacco products on campus or in campus-controlled situations, properties and environments.
  6. Prohibit the sponsorship of campus events by tobacco-promoting organizations.
  7. Prohibit smoking in all public areas of the campus including, but not limited to:
     1. classrooms, lecture halls, auditoriums, laboratories
     2. museums, libraries
     3. gymnasiums, stadiums/coliseums, other athletic facilities
     4. building entrances, waiting areas, halls, restrooms, elevators, stairs
     5. health facilities, counseling centers, child care centers
     6. buses, vans, all other campus vehicles
     7. within 20 feet of all campus buildings
     8. meeting rooms, private offices
     9. dining facilities
  8. Prohibit tobacco use in all residence halls, dormitory facilities, and other campus-owned affiliated and sanctioned housing including, but not limited to: lounges, hallways, stairwells, elevators, restrooms, laundry rooms, and shared and privates rooms
  9. Clearly identify all tobacco free areas with signs.
  10. Prohibit the use of smokeless/spit tobacco in all facilities.
  11. Support and provide a process for frequent and consistent enforcement of all tobacco-related policies,rules and regulations.

• Cigarettes - enemy of a healthy heart

  Although most people know that cigarette smoking can cause lung cancer, they often don't realize that cigarettes are a major risk factor for heart disease. Most Health care providers agree that the first step in fighting heart problems is to quit smoking.

  Smoking interferes with many vital functions of the body by:

  • raising blood pressure,
  • lowering the oxygen supply,
  • causing a risk of blood clots (especially for women on birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy)
  • and damaging the arteries.

  The nicotine in cigarette smoke acts as a stimulant, making the heart beat faster and raising the blood pressure. At the same time, nicotine causes the arteries to shrink up, which interferes with the flow of blood in the body and makes the heart work even harder.

  Smoking also releases carbon monoxide into the body which lowers the amount of oxygen in the blood. As a result, the heart has to work harder to supply the oxygen the body needs. Under these conditions, normal activities can make a person breathless and strenuous activity may become impossible.

  Smoking also makes the blood thick and sticky, so it's easier for clots to form in the arteries, leading the heart attacks or other life-threatening situations.

  Smoking can also severely damage blood vessels by causing fatty deposits to build up in the walls of the arteries. Clogged arteries make it difficult for the heart to get the oxygen it needs, putting a severe strain on the heart. In severely narrowed arteries, a clot can totally cut off the circulation, a condition that can be fatal.

  The clear message is that smoking seriously increases a person's risk for heart attacks, strokes, circulatory diseases in the extremities, chronic lung diseases and other forms of heart disease. But this risk factor can be completely controlled. When you stop smoking, you immediately improve your health and your chances for a longer life.

  If you've tried to quit and can't, ask your Health care provider for advice on safe and effective methods or for a referral to a local program that may suit your medical and personal needs.

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus

  The virus that causes AIDS is called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Having HIV infection is not the same as having AIDS. HIV causes a spectrum of conditions and symptoms.

  People who have HIV infection may not have symptoms for many years, especially if they receive good medical care and effective therapies.

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  Transmission of HIV

  HIV is a fragile virus and does not survive long enough outside the body to be caught from the air, or in water, or off objects and surfaces. It is transmitted by semen, and pre-ejaculatory fluid, blood and blood products, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. HIV is not transmitted by saliva, sweat, tears or urine. HIV is NOT transmitted by casual contact.

  HIV can be transmitted:

  • sexual contact
    • Anal & Vaginal Intercourse
    • Oral Sex (oral-genital contact) - risk is lower
  • direct exposure to infected blood
    • Needle sharing
    • Blood and blood product transfusions (NOT DONATIONS)
    • Occupational transmission - inadvertent needle sticks
  • from an HIV-infected woman to her fetus during pregnancy or childbirth
  • from an HIV-infected woman to her infant during breastfeeding.

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  Symptoms of HIV Infection

  Most people in the early stages of HIV infection don't have any obvious symptoms. When symptoms do develop, they are usually similar at first to those of common minor illnesses, such as the "flu," except that they last longer and are more severe. Persistent tiredness, unexplained fevers, recurring night sweats, prolonged enlargement of the lymph nodes (glands), and weight loss are all common.

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  Prevention

  You can reduce your risk of acquiring HIV by:

  • Making Careful Choices About Sexual Activity
    • Abstaining from anal, vaginal, or oral sexual intercourse provides 100% protection against the sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
    • If you do have sexual activity, remember, specific sexual practices are just as important as the number of partners you have - having unprotected sex with just one or two partners may be more likely to result in HIV transmission that safer sex with several partners.
  • Plan to protect yourself. Decisions about sexual activity should be active ones - don't let one thing lead to another.
  • Communicate assertively with your sexual partner and negotiate for safer sexual practices.
  • Remove alcohol and drugs from sexual activity.
  • Use latex condoms for sexual activity.
    • Although condoms do not provide 100% protections against transmitting or acquiring HIV, they are highly effective if they are used correctly each time you have intercourse!

  For more information on HIV and AIDS, you may come into Health Services or talk with staff at a local Health Department.

  -Information from brochure, "HIV Infection and AIDS: What Everyone Should Know" American College Health Association

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  HIV Testing

  What many people call the "AIDS test" is not a test for AIDS at all, but for antibodies to the virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . The immune system reacts to HIV infection by producing antibodies that fight HIV. The test detects these antibodies. Therefore, the test is accurately called the "HIV antibody test."

  Deciding whether to be tested can be complicated. It is a very personal decision that should be made only after you understand what the results mean. We have brochures at Health Services that explain the HIV antibody test. Please feel free to pick one up.

  If you are considering being tested, it is important to talk with a qualified and experienced counselor or health care provider. Calloway County Health Department will provide HIV testing for a nominal cost. To schedule an appointment - call 270-753-3381.

• Meningococcal fact sheet

  What is meningitis?

  Meningitis is an inflammation of the lining surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This condition can be caused by several different organisms such as bacteria and viruses.

  Viral meningitis is more common and usually occurs in the late Summer and early Fall. Viral meningitis can be caused by several different viruses. Viral meningitis may follow another viral illness such as infectious mono, influenza, or mumps. It is spread by discharges from the nose and throat. Because close intimate contact is required for infection, it is not nearly as contagious as the common cold or influenza.

  Symptoms primarily include a sudden onset of fever, headache and a stiff neck. Sometimes, abdominal discomfort, chest pain, or a rash will be present. The central nervous system may be involved with possible alteration of consciousness or paralysis; however, these more serious conditions are infrequent. Most cases of viral meningitis run a short, uneventful course. Since this is a virus (like the common cold), antibiotics are not effective. Likewise, persons who have had contact with viral meningitis patients do not require any treatment.

  Research suggests that the host's health status and ability to resist disease, rather than viral factors, play an important determining role. A lifestyle that helps keep the immune system as strong as possible with a balanced diet, adequate rest and sleep, appropriate exercise and the avoidance of excessive stress is very important. Factors, such as avoiding upper respiratory tract illnesses and inhalation of cigarette smoke, help to protect from invasive disease. Taking care to cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing and frequent hand washing may be preventive as well.

  Bacterial meningitis is a rare disease, but can be very serious and requires treatment with antibiotics. It can occur sporadically throughout the year. One form of bacterial meningitis is meningococcal meningitis . This form can cause very grave illness. It requires early diagnosis and treatment. Untreated meningococcal infection can be fatal. There is also the blood-borne illness, meningococcemia, which refers to the bacteria causing problems only in the blood, not in the lining surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This can be just as serious as meningococcal meningitis.

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  How are individuals infected with meningococcal meningitis (Bacterial Meningitis)?

  Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis.

  Meningococcal bacteria cannot usually live for more than a few minutes outside the body. They are usually not transmitted in water supplies, swimming pools, or by routine contact in classrooms, dining rooms, bars, restrooms, etc., where an infected individual has been. Roommates, friends, spouses, and children who are not directly exposed to an ill meningitis victim are not at risk. Persons who have had intimate or direct exposure to a meningococcal meningitis patient within seven days are at risk for contracting meningococcal meningitis and should receive prophylactic medication. Intimate or direct exposure includes being touched or kissed, sharing eating utensils, or by droplet contamination from nose, throat, or any secretions or excretions from the body of the infected individual.

  Approximately 5% to 10% of the general population carry the meningococcal bacteria in the nose and throat in a harmless state. This carrier state may last for days or months and seems to give those individuals who harbor meningococcus in their upper respiratory tract some protection from actually developing the disease state.

  During epidemics of meningococcal meningitis, the carrier rate may increase, yet less than 1% may develop the disease. This low occurrence of illness after exposure suggests that an individual's health status (the strength or weakness of the immune system), rather than bacterial factors, plays an important determining role.

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  How many meningococcal meningitis cases occur each year?

  Every year in the United States, 1,400 to 2,800 people get meningococcal disease. Ten to 14 percent of people with meningococcal disease die, and 11 - 19 percent of survivors have permanent disabilities. It is estimated that 100 to 125 cases of meningococcal disease occur annually on college campuses and 5 to 15 students die as a result. Early recognition and treatment are the crucial variables to mortality.

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  Who is at risk?

  Recent evidence found students residing on campus in dormitories appear to be at higher risk for meningococcal disease than college students overall. Further research recently released by the CDC shows freshmen living in dormitories have a six times higher risk of meningococcal disease than college students overall.

  Although anyone can come into contact with the bacteria that causes meningococcal disease, data also indicates certain social behaviors, such as active smoking, exposure to passive smoke, bar patronage, and excessive alcohol consumption, may put students at increased risk for the disease. Patients with respiratory infections, compromised immunity, those in close contact to a known case, and travelers to endemic areas of the world are also at increased risk. Cases and outbreaks usually occur in the late winter and early spring when school is in session.

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  What makes meningococcal meningitis so dangerous?

  Meningococcal meningitis can be particularly dangerous for two fundamental reasons:

  1. It is relatively rare. Therefore, we may not consider the possibility of contracting meningitis and may ignore early symptoms and signs. The disease often begins with symptoms that can be mistaken for common illnesses, such as the flu.
  2. It can be deceptive. A person may experience minor cold symptoms for a few days and then progress to severe meningococcal disease in a relatively short period of time. In the rare instances when the meningococcus organism invades the bloodstream (meningococcemia), it can be carried to other organs including the eyes, heart, lungs, and the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord.)

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  What are the usual symptoms and signs of meningococcal meningitis?

  The early symptoms usually associated with meningococcal disease include fever, severe headache, stiff neck, rash, nausea, vomiting, and lethargy, and may resemble the flu. Because the disease progresses rapidly, often in as little as 12 hours, students are urged to seek medical care immediately if they experience two or more of these symptoms concurrently.

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  What is the treatment for meningococcal meningitis exposure?

  The use of prophylactic antibiotics such as Rifampin and Ciprofloxacin are effective in most cases. The majority of patients with a reasonably early diagnosis and treatment experience complete recovery. In rare instances, a meningococcal infection is overwhelming and defies prompt medical treatment.

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  What are some ways in which individuals can reduce their risk of contracting meningitis?

  A lifestyle which helps keep the immune system as strong as possible with a balanced diet, adequate rest and sleep, appropriate exercise and the avoidance of excessive stress is very important. Factors, such as avoiding upper respiratory tract illnesses and inhalation of cigarette smoke, help to protect from invasive disease. Taking care to cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing and frequent hand washing may be preventive as well. Again, research suggests that the host's health status and ability to resist disease, rather than bacterial factors, play an important determining role.

• Meningitis vaccine

  What is the American College Health Association's (ACHA) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) position on meningococcal disease?

  ACHA Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Task Force has agreed to adopt the new Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice (ACIP) recommendation, which recommends that undergraduate college students, particularly freshmen who live in or plan to live in dormitories or resident halls, consider getting the meningitis vaccine to reduce their risk for meningococcal disease.

  As of October 20, 1999, the ACIP of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that individuals who provide medical care to college freshmen, particularly those who live in or plan to live in dormitories or residence halls, should provide information about meningococcal disease and the benefits of vaccination with these students and their parents. ACIP further recommends that immunization should be provided or made easily available to those who wish to reduce their risk for meningococcal disease. Other undergraduate students wishing to reduce their risk for meningococcal disease can also choose to be vaccinated.

  Additionally, the ACIP recommends that colleges and universities provide information about meningococcal disease and the vaccine to freshmen, particularly those who plan to live in dormitories and resident halls, and encourages public health agencies to serve as a resource for information about meningococcal disease and vaccination, including how to obtain the vaccine.

  Why should college students consider preventive vaccination with the meningococcal vaccine?

  Data from the CDC demonstrate increasing incidence of outbreaks on college campuses. Data further suggests that sub-populations of college students are at increased risk for meningococcal disease. pre-exposure vaccination enhances immunity to four strains of meningococcus that cause 65 to 70 percent of invasive disease and therefore reduces a student's risk for disease.

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  Who should consider being vaccinated pre-exposure?

  • Entering college students, particularly those living in dormitories or residence halls, who elect to decrease their risk for meningococcal disease.
  • Undergraduate students 25 years of age or under who request vaccination in order to decrease their risk for disease and are not pregnant.
  • Students with medical conditions that compromise immunity (e.g., HIV, absent spleen, antibody deficiency).
  • Students traveling to areas of the world with endemic meningococcal disease.

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  How effective is the vaccine?

  A single dose of the meningococcal vaccine is recommended to confer immunity for a period of 3 – 8 years (depending of the type of vaccine received). Menomune (MPSV4) vaccine has been shown to be 85 – 90% effective in producing antibodies against the most common strains of the disease. Menactra (MCV4) vaccine, released in 2005, is considered highly effective. However, it does not protect against disease caused by “type B” bacteria that causes one-third of meningococcal cases. Check with your local Public Health Department or private healthcare provider for further information.

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  How safe is the vaccine?

  According to the literature from the vaccine manufacturer, the vaccine is safe and adverse reactions are mild and infrequent, consisting primarily of redness and pain at the site of injection lasting up to two days. About 2% of recipients may develop a fever after vaccination.

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  Who should not take the vaccine?

  Anyone who is:

  • pregnant
  • known hypersensitivity (severe allergic reaction) to any component of the vaccine.
  • having symptoms of illness and fever of 101 degrees or higher

  Patients with immune deficiency as a result of either disease or medical treatment may not obtain the expected immune response.

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  Information sources

  There is a wealth of information and links to other sites containing information on meningitis - vaccine - and recommendations. For more detailed information on meningitis and the vaccine please see:

  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/meningococcal_g.htm

  http://www.immunize.org/mening/

  http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-mening.pdf

  http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/child-schedule.htm (immunization schedule age 0 – 18)

• Osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis affects at least 25 million Americans. Each year, at least 1.2 million fractures related to osteoporosis occur in the United States. One third of women over 65 will have a fracture of the spine. By age 90, one third of women will have had a hip fracture - almost twice the rate for men. Hip bone fractures can be crippling and painful. Up to 25% of those who have a hip fracture will have to enter a long-term care facility. The most serious impact of these fractures, though, is the marked increase in death rates in these patients. Up to one in five patients dies within 6 months of hip fracture from problems caused by lack of activity, such as blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and pneumonia.

  Who is at risk?

  Although both men and women can develop osteoporosis, women are at greatest risk. This is because a woman's bones are smaller and lighter than a man's to begin with. White or Asian women are at greater risk than Black women. Women who have a sister, mother, grandmother or maternal aunt with osteoporosis also have a greater risk.

  Why am I - a college student * - at risk?

  • * Heredity, Race and Gender
  • Menopause - Natural or surgical causes a loss in estrogen
  • * Lifestyle choices As with many other health and wellness issues, what we do in our early life affects our lives later on.

  Lifestyle and Prevention

  The best way to deal with osteoporosis is to prevent it. Focus on building and keeping as much bone mass as possible.

  Lifestyle factors
  • Diet
  • Tobacco
  • Exercise

  Diet - Having enough calcium protects bones by slowing the rate of bone loss. It is also vital for the function of the nerves and some other body parts. If the amount of calcium in the bloodstream falls too low, it will be taken from the bones to supply the rest of the body. Thus bone loss can increase if you have a low-calcium diet.

  Prevention of osteoporosis begins in the teen years when the skeleton is forming its peak mass. From their teens to their mid-20s, women need about 1,200 mg. of calcium each day. Before menopause, women need about 800 mg. a day. pregnant women and women who are breast-feeding should get 1,200 mg. per day - the amount in about 1 quart of milk. After menopause, most doctors recommend 1,500 mg. to prevent osteoporosis. According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, most adults only get half of the recommended amounts of calcium.

  Vitamin D helps the stomach absorb calcium. Milk that is fortified with vitamin D is one of the best sources. Being in the sun for just 15 minutes a day helps your skin produce vitamin D. You can also use vitamin D supplements - but keep in mind that too much vitamin D or calcium can cause problems. The recommended daily amount of vitamin D is 5 - 10 micrograms.

  The main sources of calcium are dairy products. Other good sources are some leafy green vegetables, nuts and seafood. If you are watching your weight, include skim milk and low-fat yogurt in your diet. If you cannot digest dairy products, you can take calcium supplements. A well-balance vegetarian diet also can be very healthy for bones. When meat is the main staple in a woman's diet, she may be getting too much protein. This causes the body to rid itself of calcium in the urine - leading to bone loss.

  With soft drinks now the beverage of choice for many Americans, researchers have become increasingly concerned about the link between intake of carbonated beverages and increased risk of bone fracture. A new study exploring this link has shown that calcium depletion - and ultimately bone loss - experienced by people who regularly consume carbonated beverages is more likely due to an inadequate daily intake of calcium rather than the ingredients in the beverages. The researchers placed the responsibility of bone loss in people who regularly consume carbonated beverages on the "empty calories" of soft drinks that replace nutrients derived from other foods and beverages.

  Tobacco - According to the 2001 Report from the Surgeon General on Women and Smoking, postmenopausal women who smoke have lower bone density than women who never smoked. Women who smoke have an increased risk for hip fracture than women who never smoked.

  Exercise Lack of physical activity (common among many adults today) is believed to contribute to lower bone density because the skeleton is not being taxed enough to stimulate new bone growth. To prevent osteoporosis, it is recommended that we lead an active lifestyle which includes frequent weight bearing exercise such as walking, stair climbing or an aerobic exercise program combined with resistance training. Bones react to load by gradually growing stronger & denser.

  • Weight-bearing activities . These include activities you do on your feet with your bones supporting your weight. Walking, jogging and stair climbing are examples. They work directly on bones in your legs, hips and lower spine to slow mineral loss. If you have osteoporosis, walking — preferably at least a mile a day — is generally the best weight-bearing exercise because it minimizes jarring to your bones.
  • Weightlifting . Weightlifting, also called strength training and resistance training, can strengthen muscles and bones in your arms and upper spine. It can also work directly on bone to slow mineral loss.

• Melanoma - a greater threat for African-Americans

  Although fewer blacks than whites develop melanoma, the disease may pose greater harm to black patients - who have significantly lower five-year survival rates (35% to 44%, compared with 74% for white patients). Often misdiagnosed or detected late in this patient population, melanomas may be macular, papular, or nodular and are variegated in color; borders may be irregular and lesions may be ulcerated.

  In black patients, say Duke University investigators, tumors are most often found on the palms, fingers, soles, toes, and subungual areas(beneath the nails of the fingers and toes; California researchers report that it is also common on the lower extremities. (In white men, melanoma is most likely to develop on the trunk; in white women, on the legs.)

  Acral lentiginous melanoma, a very aggressive form, is the most common type of melanoma in black patients. Often, by the time a melanoma is detected in a black patient, the condition is advanced.

  Black patients are advised to:

  • Examine their entire skin thoroughly every three months and report any new growths or changes in old growths to a skin specialist.
  • Have a professional skin examination once a year.
  • Urge their health care provider to watch carefully for melanoma and to treat it promptly.

  Source: Taylor SC, Rahman Z. Melanoma in the African American Population. Melanoma Letters, 2001:19(2):3-4.